Study of Weeds as Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous People of West Pasaman, Indonesia

Ethnobotany is the study of how people in a certain area take advantage of the plants. Plants can be used as food, shelter, medicines, and used in religious ceremonies. (Gonsalves 2010; Maloney 1978; Uddin et al. 2013; Mesfin et al. 2013; Kunwar, 2008). Indigenous people in West Pasaman, Indonesia like other people in other regions, utilize a variety of plants to meet their needs. Interestingly, people in Luhak Nan Tigo use weeds as traditional medicinal plants. Based on the results of previous research in Pasaman, plants have been long used as a complement in traditional ceremonies. They must exist; otherwise, the traditional ceremony cannot be held In this region, there are 30 species of plants used in traditional ceremonies. In addition to traditional ceremonies, plants are also used as medicines,. However, there have been no reports of the use of wild plants as medicines in this region (Des, Rizki, & Hidayati, 2018) Weeds can be used for many things, but their presence in food crop cultivation is considered as pests (Bentley et al. 2005). The presence of weeds can be fatal for the major crops as they do not only slow the growth of crops but they are also potentially harmful to crops (Rahardi 2007). According to Tjahjadi (1989) the adverse effects caused by weeds due to weed competition with the main crop including in absorption of nutrients, water, sunlight space to grow and so forth. For indigenous people in Luhak Nan Tigo, Pasaman Barat. Weeds are still used as traditional medicinal plants. Commonly, each plant produces a variety of bioactive molecules through secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and others that are efficacious as medicine (Sudjaji 2004). So, each plant has the potential to be used as medicine. Generally, compounds that are efficacious as medicine in plants are secondary metabolites (Tisnadjaja 2006). Plants producing secondary metabolites are not for the primary needs of life, but as a defense mechanism against infectious diseases and environmental changes. This research aims to find out wild plants as medicines, medicinal plants to be cultivated as well as for further drug research.


INTRODUCTION
Ethnobotany is the study of how people in a certain area take advantage of the plants. Plants can be used as food, shelter, medicines, and used in religious ceremonies. (Gonsalves 2010;Maloney 1978;Uddin et al. 2013;Mesfin et al. 2013;Kunwar, 2008). Indigenous people in West Pasaman, Indonesia like other people in other regions, utilize a variety of plants to meet their needs. Interestingly, people in Luhak Nan Tigo use weeds as traditional medicinal plants.
Based on the results of previous research in Pasaman, plants have been long used as a complement in traditional ceremonies. They must exist; otherwise, the traditional ceremony cannot be held In this region, there are 30 species of plants used in traditional ceremonies. In addition to traditional ceremonies, plants are also used as medicines,. However, there have been no reports of the use of wild plants as medicines in this region (Des, Rizki, & Hidayati, 2018) Weeds can be used for many things, but their presence in food crop cultivation is considered as pests (Bentley et al. 2005). The presence of weeds can be fatal for the major crops as they do not only slow the growth of crops but they are also potentially harmful to crops (Rahardi 2007). According to Tjahjadi (1989) the adverse effects caused by weeds due to weed competition with the main crop including in absorption of nutrients, water, sunlight -space to grow and so forth.
For indigenous people in Luhak Nan Tigo, Pasaman Barat. Weeds are still used as traditional medicinal plants. Commonly, each plant produces a variety of bioactive molecules through secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and others that are efficacious as medicine (Sudjaji 2004). So, each plant has the potential to be used as medicine. Generally, compounds that are efficacious as medicine in plants are secondary metabolites (Tisnadjaja 2006). Plants producing secondary metabolites are not for the primary needs of life, but as a defense mechanism against infectious diseases and environmental changes. This research aims to find out wild plants as medicines, medicinal plants to be cultivated as well as for further drug research.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was conducted in West Pasaman, Indonesia. The method used in this research was descriptive survey using observation and interview techniques. The respondents in this study were chosen by employing a purposive sampling technique, where the respondents were those considered most knowledgeable about medicinal plants, their uses, and the medicinal compounds in plants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As the results of the research, 35 species of plants, including weeds (plants) and included in 23 family were identified. Data of weeds that are used as traditional medicinal plants by indigenous people in Luhak Nan Duo, West Pasaman, is shown in Table 1.  (Umair et al., 2017) e. Pternandra echinata Jack. Local name: Sikaduduak aia. Disease treated: Fever. Methods of preparation: Using water, the leaves are squeezed then the juice of the leaves is strained . The juice of the leaves is used to compress the patient's forehead. This plant is also found in Tembeling Forest Reserve, Jerantut, Pahang used for coughs and asthma (Eswani & Abd, 2010) f. Sida rhombifolia L. Local Name: Siamih rimbo (Sidaguri) Disease treated: Pain in bones and joints. Methods of preparation: the leaves and stems are boiled in water. And then let the water cool. The water is used for bath twice a day. In India, this plant can be used as an inflammation drug, increase immunity, for the vitality of adult men. Some tribes in India use this plant for the treatment of gout, rheumatism, kidney disorders and venereal diseases (Abat, Kumar, & Mohanty, 2017) g. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Local name: Nila mancik (Gring-singan) Disease treated: Stomach aches. Methods of preparation: it's theThe leaves are squeezed with water and the juice is consumed in the amount of 200 ml three times a day. This plant has antioxidant properties that are tested with DPPH radical scavenging assay (Narayanaswamy & Balakrishnan, 2011). h. Hedyotis auricularia L. Local name: Simolik. Disease treated: Lumbago. Methods of preparation: The leaves are squeezed with water and the juice in the amount of 200 ml is consumed twice a day. In China, the leaves of this plant are used to cure fever, to remove toxins from the body, to treat the digestive tract, to reduce coughing, colds, to multiply blood cells and to stabilize circulation (Jin, Liu, Xie, Luo, & Long, 2018) i. Imperata cylindrica L. Local name: Alang-alang. Disease treated: Fever. Methods of preparation: The roots were crushed, and some water is added before squeezing the roots.
The juice of the roots is strained, and a cup of 200 ml of juice is drunk three times a day. This plant is used for Tonic, cut and wounds, urodynia, hypertension, and febrifuge in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan (Umair et al., 2017) j. Mucuna pruriens L. Local name: Kacang miang. Disease treated: Stomach aches. Methods of preparation: The leaves are squeezed using water. The strained juice of the leaves is consumed in the amount of 200 ml twice a day. In Virginia Islands, this plant is hot water extracted, and the entire plant is taken orally for worms (Ross, 2013). k. Leersia hexandra Sw. Local name: Rumpuik banto (Kalamenta). Disease treated: Lumbago. Methods of preparation: The leaves are squeezed with water and by adding a chicken egg yolk, the strained juice is consumed in the amount of 200 ml twice a day. This plant is used as traditional medicines to treat many diseases including hypertension (Bilanda et al., 2019) l. Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew. Local name: Jilatang ayam. Disease treated: Dermatitis (Biriang-local name). Methods of preparation: Using some water, the roots are boiled until reaching the boiling point. After that, let the water until it is cold. The water is used to shower twice a day. The juice is to be consumed one cup (200 ml) twice a day. This plant has been widely used by people in the Western Ghat region, India. It is the young plant used for healing various diseases. The leaves are also used for food by residents of Kerala. This plant is also an antimicrobial and shows anti-inflammatory properties (Selvam, Kr, & Mv, 2016).

With the mixture, as a blend. Weeds can be used as medicines as follows:
a. Stomach aches
Recipe 2 Weeds used are the leaves of siamih busuak (Hyptis capitata L.). As a medicine, this plant is mixed with seven pieces of betle leaves (Piper betle L.). Both ingredients are brewed with hot water and consumed one cup (200 ml) three times a day.
b. Fever Recipe 1 Weeds used are the leaves of Paku air (Diplazium esculentum (Retz). Sw.). To cure fever, this plant is mixed with five leaves of sidingin (Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers.), five leaves of Sitawa (Costus speciosa (Koeing) Smith.) and water. Then all the ingredients are squeezed and filtered, and the juice is consumed one cup (200 ml) twice a day.

Recipe 2
The leaves of Sikarambai (Asplenium nidus L.), Paku jantan (Nephrolepis sp), Paku sampang (Stenochlaena palutris (Burm. f.) Bedd), and Tumaha (Kleinhovia hospita L.) are used In using these weeds as a medicine, these plants are mixed with the leaves of Beringin (Ficus benjamina L.) and the root of Dadok (Erythrina variegate L. Var. Orientalis L.). All the ingredients are cut into small pieces and dried then boiled in water. Let the boiling water cool for a few hours, then the water used to bathe. c. Lumbago Recipe 1 Weeds used are the leaves of Benalu asam (Scurrula ferruginea (Jack).Miq.) and the leaves of Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.). In using these weeds as medicine, these plants are mixed with the leaves of ampadu tanah (Andographis paniculata Ness.) and the Mengkudu fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.). All the ingredients are cut into small pieces and boiled, and the boiled ingredients water as much as one cup (200 ml) is consumed with a frequency of twice a day.
Recipe 2 Weeds used are all parts of Sidukuang anak (Phyllanthus niruri L.) and Latuik-latuik (Physalis angulata L.). All the ingredients are cut into small pieces and boiled and the boiled ingredients water is consumed one cup (200 ml) twice a day. f. Bone pains Weeds used are all parts of Padang (Imperata cylindrica L.) and the leaves of Benalu asam (Scurrula ferruginea (Jack). Miq.). In using these weeds as medicine, they are mixed with Kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.), Temulawak (Curcuma xanthoriza Roxb.), the fruit of Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.), dan the leaves of Sirsak (Annona muricata L.). All the ingredients are cut into small pieces and boiled in water. one cup (200 ml)of water is to be consumed twice a day. g. Itchy Weeds used are some leaves of Galinggang (Senna alata (L.)Roxb.), and Siboneh (Drymoglosum piloselloides (L.) Presl.). In using these weeds as medicine, these plants are mixed with the leaves of Anau (Arenga pinnata Merr.). All ingredients are crushed and blended. Then it is applied to the body. h. Joint and bone pains The weeds used are some leaves of Siamih busuak (Hyptis capitata Jacq.) and Siriah rimbo (Piper aduncum L.). All the ingredients are boiled, let the boiling water for a few hours, then it is used to bathe. To be used twice a day.
i. Phlegm To cure the phlegm, the leaves of Bayam tanah (Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell.) are used. In using this weed as medicine, it is mixed with the leaves of daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) All ingredients are crushed and blended and applied to the body.